Symptoms of urology problems include:

• Difficulty in urinating.
• Pain or burning while urinating.
• Blood or other discharges in the urine.
• Fever.
• Chills.
• Lower back pain.
• Pain in genitals.

Be sure to tell your doctor if you are taking any kind of anticoagulation or blood-thinning medication, such as aspirin, Warfarin, Heparin or Coumadin. These medications are always discontinued 10 days before the surgery. However, it is very important that you always check with your surgeon as well as the doctor who prescribed your anticoagulation or blood-thinning medications before discontinuing them. You will need a clearance report from your primary care physician. He or she needs to perform a few physical examinations within two weeks of your surgery. You will need to have blood and urine tests also within two weeks of the surgery. You may also need a chest X-ray and/or an EKG and other tests, as indicated by your medical condition.

Most Common Urologic Surgical Procedures are:

Inpatient – 

• Nephrectomy: When the kidney is removed through surgery.
• Pyeloplasty: When the renal pelvis (a part of the kidney) is reconstructed again through surgery to drain and decompress the kidney. 
• Ureteral reimplants: The original ureter is surgically reimplanted in the bladder wall. The end of the ureter is surrounded by bladder muscle in this new position, which prevents urine from backing up toward the bladder.
• Ureteral stent placement: A thin tube inserted into the ureter to prevent or treat the obstruction of the urine flow from the kidney.

Outpatient procedures –

• Circumcision: The surgical removal of some or all of the foreskin from the penis.
• Cystoscopy: It is an endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra. It is done with an instrument which is called a cystoscope.
• Excision hydrocele
• Hypospadias: The goal of this surgery is to reconstruct a straight penis with the help of a urethral opening as close to the tip of the penis as possible.
• Inguinal hernia repair
• Meatoplasty
• Orchiopexy: A surgery that is done to move an undescended testicle into the scrotum and to permanently fix it.
• Scrotoplasty

During the surgery you are given anesthesia and the pain medications that are used during and/or after the surgery, your normal bowel function is depressed. It takes several hours for anesthesia to wear off, and some people may notice nausea and/or dry mouth. If you have nausea then you should tell your doctor about this so that the medication can be given to help you with this. At first you should just take small sips of water. This will help to hydrate you and usually will not cause nausea. Your medical team can also ask you if you are passing gas, and will listen to your abdomen. This helps them to determine if your lower intestines are “waking up”. After the surgery you may have a urinary catheter inside you. It will be removed and the doctors will make sure you can urinate on your own without any problems before your discharge from the hospital. After many urinary systems or kidney surgeries, it is not uncommon to have some blood in your urine for a couple of days. This should clear up if you drink plenty of fluids and as you heal.

Risk factors of Urology are:- 

• Clamping
• Ureteral Injuries
• Ligation (Tying) Of The Cardinal Ligaments
• Abnormalities Of The Ureter
• Congenital Abnormalities